![]() Hereafter, we refer to orientalis and pontica georgica as cultivated germplasm of eastern origin. The botanist Negrul also proposed an ecogeographical divide between pontica georgica, which includes typical Caucasian wine grapes, and pontica balcanica that includes representative varieties of the eastern Mediterranean Basin. typica, today thriving in South Caucasus, eastern Anatolia and Armenian highlands. Pontica is more similar to eastern forms of sylvestris var. Orientalis is considered the ancestral group and is supposed to be morphologically more similar to the wild ancestor sylvestris var. Cultivated grapevines have been classified in three ecogeographical groups: orientalis, pontica, and occidentalis 10. aberrans that today is rare or almost extinct in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan but, in the past, was reported to thrive across the southern Caspian Sea Basin and to be distinguished by large and glabrous leaves 4, 10. ![]() typica (spread from the Atlantic coast to the Caucasus, with limited phenotypic differentiation between western and eastern forms, all characterized by small and tomentose leaves) or as sylvestris var. Wild forms have been classified either as sylvestris var. Western European varieties are the foundation of the global wine industry, with ten varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo, Airen, Chardonnay, Syrah, Grenache, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Noir, Trebbiano Toscano) accounting for 26% of the vineyards worldwide 9.īotanical classification of wild and cultivated grapes is all but simple. Paleogenomic evidence supports a very early adoption of vegetative propagation and an ancient origin of some of the currently cultivated varieties, with Savagnin Blanc being at least 900 years old 8. The cultivation of domesticated grapes dates back four millennia in the eastern Mediterranean and two millennia in Western Europe, with vegetative propagation becoming more and more prevalent as a mode of reproduction to preserve the genetic identity of valuable accessions that may have arisen from spontaneous crosses. Table grapes were also introduced eastwards into Central Asia along land trade routes. From the cradle of domestication 6, grape cultivars followed a predominant westward pattern of dispersal, driven by human migration and maritime trades, paralleled by a differentiation in use for fresh consumption (table grapes) or winemaking (wine grapes) 7. Gmel.) Hegi (hereafter sylvestris) that has a broad geographic distribution consisting of small isolated populations that are scattered across Europe, northern Africa and Western Asia 4, 5. Grape cultivation and winemaking began somewhere in the South Caucasus 2, the northern Fertile Crescent, or the Levant 3, following domestication from local forms of the wild ancestor Vitis vinifera L. vinifera 1) is linked to the history of ancient populations that settled across the Caspian Sea Basin, the Near East and the Mediterranean Basin. sativa (DC.) Hegi, hereafter sativa, also known as subsp. Phylogeography of cultivated grapes ( Vitis vinifera L. ![]() In the lowest diversity region, two candidate genes that gained berry–specific expression in domesticated varieties may contribute to the change in berry size and morphology that makes the fruit attractive for human consumption and adapted for winemaking. Three genomic regions of reduced genetic diversity are observed, presumably as a consequence of artificial selection. Across Europe, marked differences in genomic diversity are observed in local varieties that are traditionally cultivated in different wine producing countries, with Italy and France showing the largest diversity. This admixture generated the so-called international wine grapes that have diffused from Alpine countries worldwide. ![]() In order to elucidate the still controversial processes that originated European wine grapes from its wild progenitor, here we analyse 204 genomes of Vitis vinifera and show that all analyses support a single domestication event that occurred in Western Asia and was followed by numerous and pervasive introgressions from European wild populations.
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